We aimed to characterise the evidence base on the effects of such woodland expansion on biodiversity and ES and highlight where further research might be required. Following established guidelines, we undertook a systematic review of 160 articles to assess the evidence base for the effects of woodland expansion on ecosystem services in a UK context. Furthermore, following the UK’s decision to leave the European Union, a number of important decisions will be made about support mechanisms for different land uses, making evidence for the effect of woodland creation in different contexts essential. In addition, despite UK targets for woodland creation, planting levels remain low. Woodland expansion is internationally accepted as a strategy to reduce biodiversity loss, climate change and flood risk, but there has been limited assessment of the evidence for these benefits. The work was developed during three weeks, in which the main method was literature review and elaborating standardized tables to organize information from hydrological models applied to scenarios of forest vs agriculture for reducing water diffuse pollution. In addition, they will contribute to the development of case studies to evaluate woodland water benefits and PES schemes, as well as inform end user guidance on the strengths and weaknesses of data, models and tools. The results of the STSM were used to guide the selection of pollutant models and tools for training school held on in Portugal in October 2018. The ability of the models and tools to incorporate the potential influence of climate change, as well as impacts of woodland measures on water resources, was also assessed. The main purpose of this STSM was to review existing pollutant models and decision support tools for managing agricultural diffuse pollution, to determine if and how these incorporate woodland measures and depending on findings, to consider changes to these to better represent woodland processes and design/management factors.
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